5 whys have been introduced here already, but I wanted to expand on it briefly, cover a few of its pitfalls and give you a tip on how to 5-Why TURBOCHARGE.

As a quick summary, 5 Whys is essentially asking the question “Why” a number of times, expanding on the answer on each iteration. In this way the root cause of a problem will eventually be revealed. The magic number of question levels tends to be five. After five, there will likely be found a missing process or an action item, or some unmitigatable (okay, that’s not a word) natural force – like “gravity”.

Beyond that, it is a vehicle for investigation. There is no substitute for careful, fact-rich, investigation.

Benefits:

1. Low barrier to understanding and use
2. Introduces the concept of disciplined problem solving
3. Helps avoid the “Hammer = Nail” effect; the tendency to apply a known solution to an unknown problem.

Drawbacks or criticisms:

1. Tends not to be data-driven
2. Answers are particularly subject to cognitive bias
3. Stymied by multiple-cause situations
4. Often the only tool used

Let’s look at these in turn:

Tends not to be data-driven. This is the 5 Why’s double-edged sword. Because it isn’t data driven it is easier to adopt and use; the learning curve is approachable. However, without data the conclusions are often not repeatable, especially when the problem is complicated. Generally, this isn’t a big problem, but it is something to be aware of.

Answers are particularly subject to cognitive bias. What is a cognitive bias? These are  shortcuts the mind uses due to numerous factors such as the human brain’s processing limits, emotional and moral motivations or societal influences. Consider the audiences of Fox News versus MSNBC – the respective audiences tend to watch only one or the other, depending on what their political view is. This type of cognitive bias is called “Confirmation Bias” – interpreting data to fortify existing views.

Cognitive biases, while hugely interesting as a field of study, are very powerful and part of what makes us human – but they can often lead to incorrect conclusions. This drawback is linked to the lack of data used with this tool. Much of the mental process is “off the cuff” – especially if the investigations are weak. Again, something to be aware of.

Stymied by multiple-cause situations. 5 Whys seeks to find a single cause, that is what it does. Be aware that there may be other factors at work.

Often the only tool used. There are many other tools that can be used – fishbone (Ishikawa Diagrams), 8Ds, Design of Experiments, House of Quality, cause-effect diagrams, FMEAs. I won’t explain these now, but there are these and more. With all of these available, it’s a shame to use just the one.

5 Whys – Turbo Charged

How to get a little more out of 5 Whys, once you feel the technique has been mastered.

For each “WHY” answer, consider in what way it could have been detected, and what could be done to prevent this particular why. Once a cause has been determined, review those countermeasures and decide how to implement them, or a selection of them.

Example:

Problem: Delivery trucks are late 60% of the time.

1 Why are they late? Interviews with drivers reveal they sometimes get lost en route.

2 Why do they get lost? Unfamiliar with territory.

3 Why are they unfamiliar with the territory? New hires, new to area.

4 Why don’t the new hires know the area? They haven’t been shown.

5 Why haven’t the new hires been shown? Never needed to be; expanded business has led to the hire of several new drivers.

As you review each of these, you should allow yourself to get a sense of the arbitrary nature of some of the answers. Again, this is a feature of 5-Whys and no reason to avoid using it.

Now, the turbocharging comes into play like this:

1 Why are they late? Interviews with drivers reveal they sometimes get lost en route.

HOW COULD THIS HAVE BEEN DETECTED and/or PREVENTED [SOONER]?

1. Provide a means for drivers to communicate with HQ when they are running late.
2. Determine a “comfort zone” for timeliness
3. Escalate awareness of late deliveries

2 Why do they get lost? Unfamiliar with territory.

HOW COULD THIS HAVE BEEN DETECTED and/or PREVENTED [SOONER]?

1. Communication path (as above)
2. Provide GPS devices

3 Why are they unfamiliar with the territory? New hires, new to area.

HOW COULD THIS HAVE BEEN DETECTED and/or PREVENTED [SOONER]?

1. Place hiring preference on local inhabitants

You probably get the idea here. Real-world problems may have more sensible details, but the lesson is the same. For each why, determine what could detect or prevent it.

From the exercise above, it could be that the company chooses a few, or all of the countermeasures determined. Flexibility is key.

Having said all this, please do remember that adding inspections, or detection layers without modifying the process to eliminate their need is a recipe for failure. Always strive to create a process whereby failure is not an option.

So.  5 Whys; a nice, easy to wield tool – but has some limitations mostly because of it’s simplicity.

Thanks again for your time and attention. Go forth – Why? to calibrate thyself, of course.

Sal

 

 

 

Let’s start with 5 Whys! Why not? Welcome to the first installment of “How To’sday”.

“5 Whys” may be a basic tool, but it is extremely useful. Some of the best tools are simple – sticks are pretty good at getting termites…

5 Whys = 1 Fix

5 Whys is a problem solving tool; part of a disciplined approach to getting at the root cause of something gone wrong. Sometimes when a defect occurs, companies tend to start at the end – skipping cause entirely and instead focus on what they perceive is in their power to do. And the problem with that is they didn’t understand the cause, and are therefore possibly fixing the wrong thing. As the saying goes, “When you know how to use a hammer, everything looks like a nail”.

Let’s look at an example: Suppose there’s been an uptick of customer complaints. One customer says they received the item with scratches, another says her display was loose in the housing, and still another says the little packet containing the user manual and some small accessory wasn’t received (they actually said it was never sent, but what do they know?).

If cause isn’t addressed we’ll not only end up sending out a new accessory packet, and having two items returned; all this hassle and expense for everyone involved – and every reason to think there will be more strangeness next week. Worse, we start complicating the lives of all concerned – because we know how to use a telephone we call vendors and tell them to stop scratching things,  and we get manufacturing to tighten up those display panels. Meanwhile they start doing that and crack bezels left and right – cutting yields; maybe Engineering can spec a thicker bezel? They can but the power requirements are a little different – hey, let’s re-spec that power supply, too.  And because we know those white gloves prevent scratches we tell production people to wear them – and take off all that jewelry! “Fiasco”, that’s exactly what it is (a nice Italian word referring to a bottle – interestingly, the English use an expression “gone pear-shaped” with a very similar meaning. Don’t worry, it won’t be on the test. And no, there isn’t a test.)

But, we’re educated adults and we know Root Cause is important – but sadly, we have no idea, in this case of scratches and loose and missing things, what the cause is.

Wouldn’t it be cool if it was all just one cause? If we just had to do one thing for all three?

Our enlightened Quality Toolbox has more than just hammers, it also has 5 Whys – along with a slew of other things we can talk about on another Tuesday (“slew” is a nice Irish Gaelic word, btw – as is “shillelagh” which is an excellent Irish hammer).

Seems simple: just ask “Why?”. “Why why why why why!” –  in general, after the 5th, we’ve come to either a broken process, or one that doesn’t exist. If you’ve stopped at something beyond control (“it was raining”, “gravity”) then either you’ve gone too far, or not far enough.

Asking the Why is only part of 5 Whys.

The questions lead to investigations, investigation leads to more questions. This is where I want to draw your focus away from 5 Whys being about just asking Why – the real trick to 5 Whys is twofold – asking the question from the right perspective; asking the right people and investigating.

We try asking production or shipping department:
1) “Why was the the accessory bag missing?” – “Oh, I guess we just forgot to put them in the box.”
We ask, “Don’t we have a process for that? Those cut-outs we made in the foam”, or “That check list?”

The response, “Yeah, we have that, and Quality does those random out-of-box audits”

Well. That wasn’t particularly fruitful, we only got to 1 Why of the 5 Whys. The first why revealed that a process exists, even sounds like a nice poke yoke process (another Tuesday) – and there’s an inspection step. We might investigate with Quality to see what kind of results their samples have been getting.

What if we started at the beginning? 5 Why TIP: Start closest to the problem first – and do it as quickly as possible.

The customer reported the failure – ask them. “Excuse me, customer, we’re investigating your recent issue and we’d like to keep it from occurring in the future, did you personally handle the package in question?”

They may or may not be amenable to this kind of thing, but it can only help to ask – and they’ll know you really have their best interest in mind.

It is possible you end up dealing with someone in receiving; follow the trail. Just because the question is simple, doesn’t mean the answer has to be.

We might ask, “Have you looked everywhere in the packaging?”

Receiving replies, “Of course I did, even looked twice.” There is a pause, “But you know, I did notice that the box had a seam that was opened a little. Probably too tight for something to squeeze out of, I didn’t mention it to anyone.”

Well then. That could be something.

Let’s look at the scratch now. If you start with the production line – your own process, it may take hours or days following the product along and identifying where the scratches could have occurred. Hey! Let’s turn that into a kaizen event (ask me on a Tuesday). Then based on that, instituting corrective measures all along the line that increase complexity and could potentially lead to other errors.

BUT if you start with the customer – again, explaining as above (the larger or more sophisticated customers will expect this anyway); maybe they send you a picture of the scratches.

Maybe you end up at their receiving department and you hear, “You know, that box was pretty beat up, but the [awesome widget] looked fine to me.”

Would be nice to get some pictures of that box, wouldn’t it?

You could easily imagine the same scenario with the loose display. That box has been in a fight and it seems to be losing.

Let’s look at that as if we had investigated properly, starting closest to the problem, and gathered the facts.

1) Why is the display loose? Repeated blows during shipment.

2) How did those blows occur? HOLD ON A SECOND! Did you see that? I didn’t say “Why” I said “How”. Forgive me for this slight, and maybe controversial sidebar. The thing is, in Japanese, the word for Why and the word for How are very similar (なんで  or  “nande” ). And the gentleman who invented the 5 Whys technique was in fact Japanese – Sakichi Toyoda – you’ve heard of his company or maybe driven one of his cars. Somewhat inconsiderate of me to throw that at you in your first example, but – there it is; “How” can occasionally be used in place of “Why”.

Anyway. 2) How did those blows occur? During shipment, the box did not provide adequate protection.

Not a big leap there, we do have a trend of what could be explained as failed packaging.

3) Why didn’t the box protect the contents? It wasn’t the correct rating for the weight of the product.

4) Why wasn’t the box correctly rated? We never checked.

5) Why didn’t we check? It is a new product and well, what do you know, it’s heavier than our usual product – we don’t really have a step in our process where we consider packaging.

Voilà! A missing step in our process. Now, if it’s a new product, we do a packaging evaluation.

All three problems solved with the help of not just 5 Whys, but good investigation using the proper perspective. Remember, simple questions don’t necessarily yield simple answers.

Thanks for reading about 5 Whys! Now, why not Go forth and calibrate thyself?

Sal